Figure_1a-b: high-resolution version of Figure 1a-b in the above-mentioned manuscript. Figure caption from the manuscript: (a) Overview of Timanian thrust systems and fingerprints in the Norwegian Arctic showing the location of the study area (white frame). The dashed black line marks the boundary between the Russian and Norwegian Barents Sea. (b) Overview of the study area in the Norwegian Barents Sea showing major Timanian thrust systems and the location of seismic profiles displayed in Figure 2. The basemap is the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean from Jakobsson et al. (2012). Abbreviations: AA: Atomfjella Antiform; BeFZ: Bellsundbanken fault zone; BFZ: Billefjorden Fault Zone; H2: Hopen-2 exploration well; KCFZ: Kongsfjorden–Cowanodden fault zone; KDFZ: Kinnhøgda–Daudbjørnpynten fault zone; LFZ: Lomfjorden Fault Zone; NY: Ny Friesland; P1: Plurdalen-1 exploration well; RA: Rijpdalen Anticline; R1: Raddedalen-1 exploration well; SKFZ: Steiløya–Krylen fault zone; Sø: Sørkapp; VKSZ: Vimsodden–Kosibapasset Shear Zone. Figure_2a: high-resolution version of Figure 2a in the above-mentioned manuscript. Figure caption from the manuscript: Seismic profiles (a) in Storfjorden, (b) south of Hopen, and (c) between Bjørnøya and Spitsbergen. The profiles show several kilometers thick, crustal-scale, dominantly NNE-dipping Timanian thrust systems (black lines) within Proterozoic basement rocks, and related overprints within lower Paleozoic, upper Paleozoic, and Mesozoic (–Cenozoic?) successions. The profiles also show major (erosional) unconformities between the Proterozoic basement, lower Paleozoic, and upper Paleozoic successions (white half-arrows). Figure_2b: high-resolution version of Figure 2b in the above-mentioned manuscript. Figure caption from the manuscript: Seismic profiles (a) in Storfjorden, (b) south of Hopen, and (c) between Bjørnøya and Spitsbergen. The profiles show several kilometers thick, crustal-scale, dominantly NNE-dipping Timanian thrust systems (black lines) within Proterozoic basement rocks, and related overprints within lower Paleozoic, upper Paleozoic, and Mesozoic (–Cenozoic?) successions. The profiles also show major (erosional) unconformities between the Proterozoic basement, lower Paleozoic, and upper Paleozoic successions (white half-arrows). Figure_2c: high-resolution version of Figure 2c in the above-mentioned manuscript. Figure caption from the manuscript: Seismic profiles (a) in Storfjorden, (b) south of Hopen, and (c) between Bjørnøya and Spitsbergen. The profiles show several kilometers thick, crustal-scale, dominantly NNE-dipping Timanian thrust systems (black lines) within Proterozoic basement rocks, and related overprints within lower Paleozoic, upper Paleozoic, and Mesozoic (–Cenozoic?) successions. The profiles also show major (erosional) unconformities between the Proterozoic basement, lower Paleozoic, and upper Paleozoic successions (white half-arrows). Figure_3a-d: high-resolution version of Figure 3a-d in the above-mentioned manuscript. Figure caption from the manuscript: (a) Zoom in seismic data showing the undulating geometry of reflection characterizing Proterozoic basement and lower Paleozoic successions, whereas reflections within upper Paleozoic succession are relatively flat lying (white lines). (b) Zoom in seismic data showing toplap geometries in moderately NNE-dipping reflections below the fuchsia and pink reflections in the north, and the onlapping character of reflections at the base of the upper Paleozoic succession over the lower Paleozoic reflection (white half-arrows). (c) Zoom in seismic data Between Bjørnøya and Sørkapp showing the onlapping character of reflections within the lower Paleozoic succession onto a Proterozoic basement paleo-high (white half-arrows) and early Paleozoic reactivation of an inherited Timanian thrust that offset the base of the lower Paleozoic succession in a reverse fashion. (d) Zoom in seismic data showing toplap geometries near the top of the lower Paleozoic succession and onlap geometries at the base of the upper Paleozoic succession (white half-arrows). See location of (a–d) zooms in Figure 2. The legend is identical to Figure 2, except where specified otherwise. Figure_4a-b: high-resolution version of Figure 4a-b in the above-mentioned manuscript. Figure caption from the manuscript: Conceptual model showing how emerged paleo-highs in the Barents Sea and Svalbard following (a) preexisting Timanian thrusts in the Cambrian and (b) both inherited Timanian and newly formed Caledonian thrusts in the Ordovician controlled biological exchanges/mixing between Svalbard and Baltica in the early Paleozoic. Despite the opening of Iapetus, biological mixing between Greenland and Svalbard may have been possible until the Early Ordovician when top-east/southeast Caledonian thrusting and folding initiated, which was possibly compensated by transgression due to the closing of Iapetus (Fortey, 1984). Present Continent–Ocean Boundary is from Dumais et al. (2021).

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