The Late Holocene is a substantial cultural and economic transition in the eastern Eurasian Steppe and Altai Region, but paleoclimate conditions during this time remain unclear. Therefore, we established a high-resolution paleoclimate record from Lake Khar Nuur in the Mongolian Altai, spanning the last 4200 years. Lake Khar Nuur is a high-altitude lake with a small catchment located at 2,486 m a.s.l. (48°37'22.9"N, 88°56'42.5"E). We recovered the sediment core (that we abbreviate KN18) from the deepest part of the lake (49.4 m) in July 2018 using an Uwitec gravity corer. Within the sediment core KN18, a wide array of lake sediment proxies was measured. While total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen, bulk δ^13^C~TOC~, δ^15^N and biogenic silica were measured in 2 cm resolution, the elemental composition (log (Ca/Ti) ratio) was measured in 0.5 cm resolution. Additionally, compound-specific hydrogen isotopic composition of n-alkanes was measured in 1 cm resolution.