It is unclear whether transport by human vectors can increase the robustness of translocated populations and thereby enhance their invasiveness. To test this concept, we investigated the effect of heat stress on the tolerance of mussel populations towards a second stress event of the same kind. The heat challenges we mimicked can be faced by marine invertebrates that are transported through regions with high sea surface temperatures on ship hulls or in ballast water tanks. The study included 5 mussel species that were collected at sites in Brazil, Chile, Finland, Germany (Baltic Sea) and Portugal. In parallel laboratory experiments, monospecific groups of individuals were exposed to heat challenges that caused 60–83% mortality in the experimental groups within 15–28 days. The surviving individuals were exposed to a second stress event of the same kind, while their survival was then compared to the robustness of conspecifics that had not been exposed to elevated temperatures before. We observed that thermal tolerance was significantly enhanced by previous heat stress experience in case of Semimytilus algosus from Chile and in case of Mytilus edulis from Germany. Our results suggest that heat challenges, which marine invertebrates experience during transport, can enhance stress tolerance in founder populations of these species in their non-native range by potentially increasing the frequency of genetically adapted genotypes. This points at the necessity to learn more about selection acting on organisms during human-mediated transport—in the aquatic but also in the terrestrial environment.

Supplement to: Lenz, Mark; Ahmed, Yasser; Canning-Clode, Joao; Díaz, Eliecer; Eichhorn, Selina; Fabritzek, Armin Georg; da Gama, Bernardo A P; Garcia, Marie; von Juterzenka, Karen; Kraufvelin, Patrik; Machura, Susanne; Oberschelp, Lisa; Paiva, Filipa; Penna, Miguel A; Ribeiro, Felipe V; Thiel, Martin; Wohlgemuth, Daniel; Zamani, Neviaty P; Wahl, Martin (2018): Heat challenges can enhance population tolerance to thermal stress in mussels: a potential mechanism by which ship transport can increase species invasiveness. Biological Invasions, 20(11), 3107-3122