This project explored young Brazilians' (aged 10-24) experiences of, and learning about, the food-water-energy nexus in Brazil. It collected a range of quantitative and qualitative data about how young people saw food, water and energy in their everyday lives: how they accessed these resources; what they knew about them; how they learned about them; and what 'threats' there were to their accessing them. The project also explored the relationships between these three resources, as part of the food-water-energy nexus. It therefore explored choices and 'trade-offs' that young people had to make between these resources. The data collection involved a very large, detailed survey with young people, in-depth qualitative research with young people, in-depth qualitative research with key professionals, and a global video competition.Recent research about the food-water-energy nexus has tended to focus on flows (e.g. between producers and consumers) and ways of governing the nexus. However, there is a real need to examine how people (especially young people) understand, learn about and participate in the nexus, in their everyday lives. Only by doing so can we address crucial concerns - such as persistently high levels of poverty amongst Brazil's children, their unequal access to nexus resources, their resilience to nexus threats, and the role of education in addressing the those threats in the future. In Brazil, as in similar countries, young people are a hugely important group, demographically and socially. In Brazil, young people (aged 0-24) make up 42% of the population. Moreover, we already know that in diverse global contexts, young people are instrumental in terms of securing access to resources (including nexus resources), economic productivity, societal resilience, and community life. In addition, young people are often the main recipients of education programmes - especially Education for Sustainability (EfS) - that attempt to address nexus threats and sustainable development goals. However, there is scant research - either in Brazil or globally - that focuses on young people and their interactions with the nexus. This unique, collaborative research will address these important gaps. This project's main aim is to examine young people's (aged 10-24) understandings, experiences and participation in the nexus in Brazil. It focuses on this age group as older children/young adults are a key target group for EfS, and research shows that they are likely to have greater capacities for reflection on the nexus than younger children. In achieving this aim, the project will address three core research questions (with several sub-questions). 1: What are young people's (aged 10-24) understandings, experiences and participation in the nexus in Brazil? Focussing on the Metropolitan Region of Paraiba do Sul River Basin and Sao Paulo State North Shore (Sao Paulo State) as a case study, how do these experiences vary in terms of young people's diverse geographical (urban, suburban, rural) and socio-economic positioning (focussing on age, gender, class and ethnicity )? Amidst the complexities of the food-water-energy nexus, what are the key priorities for young people, their families and communities? How are young people included or (not) in accessing parts of the nexus? 2: What is the role of '(re)connection' in young people's engagements with the nexus? What are the everyday choices that young people - with adult others - must make in, for instance, choosing between the food, water or energy that fuel their bodies, homes and public services? What does it mean for young people to have 'closer' or more 'distant' connections with food in a Brazilian context - and does the principle of 'reconnection', so important to EfS and other programmes for sustainable development have salience there? To what extent do young people's experiences challenge (perhaps Minority World) assumptions about what constitutes 'food', 'water' and 'energy'? 3: How does EfS in Brazil address the nexus? Given that EfS is present, but not compulsory, in Brazil's National Education Plan, to what extent does learning about the nexus currently support young people's understandings of food-water-energy? How can EfS in Brazil be developed to support greater societal resilience against nexus threats? The research questions will be addressed by producing both a baseline survey of ca. 5,000 young people and detailed, multi-method, qualitative research with 100 young people. The project will be undertaken by an established, inter-disciplinary team of UK and Brazilian social scientists and engineers, building on the work of a Newton Research Partnerships Grant. Such collaboration is vital to achieving a step-change in research and societal impacts on (young) people and the nexus.

Data collection was with three key groups: young people, aged 10-24, in the MRPSRBSSNS; key professionals working in the MRPSRBSSNS, Sao Paulo State, and Brazil more widely; a range of young people who took part in the global video competition. Survey: We designed a comprehensive survey to understand young people’s relationships with food-water-energy. The survey was launched in April 2017 and ran until May 2018. We collected 3,705 responses from young people in the case study region, with a purposive sampling strategy to ensure representative samples for each of the sub-regions of the MRPSRBSSNS. This is one of the largest surveys ever undertaken, anywhere, with young people; it is also one of the largest and most comprehensive datasets about resources and everyday life ever compiled. Stakeholder interviews: 64 participants took part in detailed (up to three hours in length), semi-structured key stakeholder interviews. Interviewees were sampled using purposive and snowballing techniques, and represented a range of professions linked to the project, including: municipal, state and federal-level government actors; government, academic and independent research agencies; environmental and consumer rights NGOs; energy and water distribution companies (both private and state-private partnerships); family and small-scale commercial WEF producers; multi-stakeholder community organisations; and, environmental education practitioners. Qualitative methodologies with young people: 48 young people, aged 10-24, participated in this part of the project. Young people took part in several activities, all of which built towards an understanding of how food, water and energy (and more) intersected in their everyday lives. The following is a breakdown of the activities: i) semi-structured interview 1: an introductory interview focusing on ‘My life, food-water-energy’; ii) use of a bespoke mobile app (data not deposited on ReShare because of confidentiality issues), which asked young people to take pictures of food, water and energy in their everyday lives and comment on the pictures in the app, over the course of a week; iii) a mobility mapping exercise (via the app), which traced young people's movements during the week they used the app (again, not deposited on ReShare because of confidentiality issues; iv) a visual web, where young people pasted images from the app and discussed their nexuses (again cannot be deposited on ReShare because they contain confidential information that cannot be redacted withouth the webs losing their meaning). Data were transcribed and translated and data analysis is ongoing using NVivo. Video competition: Separately, we ran a global video competition asking young people from around the world to submit videos about food, water and energy in their everyday lives. Ten entries for the video competition were received from Brazil, India, Singapore and UK. The winning entry was Amigos da Natureza Salvando Planeta – based on 800 likes. The videos were watched in Brazil, UK, India, Hungary and Kazakhstan – and watched in total 5,780 times. The data deposited in ReShare contains a document with a link to the videos and further information about the competition.