The dataset was produced to infer the evolutionary history of four diploid Aegilops spp. (Ae. tauschii, Ae. umbellulata, Ae. caudata and Ae. comosa) and of four of their derivative allopolyploid species (Ae. cylindrica, Ae. crassa, Ae. geniculata and Ae. triuncialis). The dataset includes 420 accessions of these eight species, 29 replicates and 26 outgroup species: all other extent diploid Aegilops spp., Triticum monococcum, Triticum urartu, Secale cereale, Hordeum vulgare and Taeniatherum caput-medusae.