Independence and status of unmarried women in the first half of the 19th century, with special attention to women living with other women. Data about unmarried women in Haarlem from: ( 1 ) the general population census in 1829, ( 2 ) the general population census in 1939, ( 3 ) a register of people settling in Haarlem covering 1821-1850 ( and from municipal archives and other sources ) were collected. These data are analyzed with respect to demographic aspects, motherhood, employment, wages, religion, housing, ways of living with other people, legal status and social class.