Resilience to drought of relict Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaica populations in the southern Iberian Peninsula was analyzed in relation to historical records of land-use, combining dendroecological growth of adult trees and greenness (EVI) as proxies for secondary and primary growth.This dataset contains the followings data: - Tree-ring measurements of the focal trees (in rwl files, tucson format). - Forest inventory data: Distance, azimuth, diameter at breast height (DBH), species, and total height of all neighboring living trees with DBH > 7.5 cm within a circular plot with a 10-m radius around target (focal) trees.- Annual EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) mean of pixels (250 m x 250 m) covering Quercus pyrenaica forests in Sierra Nevada (southern Spain). Data were derived from MOD13Q1 product of the MODIS sensor.MODIS EVI data were compiled for the period 2000 - 2016. We selected the pixels covering the distribution of Quercus pyrenaica forests in Sierra Nevada (n = 928 pixels). Any values affected by clouds, snow, shadows or high content aerosols, were filtered out following recommendations for mountain regions.