This project analysed local authorities in the UK in order to ascertain what capacities they have to engage in sustainable energy, and how these relate to a range of social, political and material contexts. This is a fast-moving landscape as local authorities increase their ambitions in relation to emissions reduction and try to match them with a wider range of local priorities. The main focus of the project is on understanding the relationships between local capacity to act, in five leading local authorities, and energy system decentralisation and varying types of relationship with national government. This information was built up through a process of documentary analysis, 48 extended semi-structured interviews with those most involved at the local authority level, two placements, and two knowledge exchange workshops. The project concludes that re-shaping local-national political relationships can open up opportunities for action at the local level, whilst renewable energy decentralisation has opened up opportunities for local energy transitions but also for new revenue streams for local authorities. It also concluded that greater co-ordination between: local authorities, and between local authorities and national government bodies is required to improve opportunities for other local authorities to act.Both energy and political landscapes are changing in the UK, but so far no analysis has considered how these movements towards greater decentralisation relate to one another. Indeed, local authorities are becoming increasingly involved in enabling and providing sustainable energy programmes whilst, at the same time, many are applying for and securing devolution deals. Some scholars and policy analysts have argued that decentralising energy will be vital in securing popular buy-in to sustainable energy transitions through greater civic participation whilst others are point towards the power of the local in delivering better-attuned services. This research project will reveal the details of how these two decentralisation movements interact with one another in practice by exploring and mapping five local authority sustainable energy programmes and critically examining their relationships with central government. This research is timely and innovative. It is timely because according to the Climate Change Committee (CCC), whose job it is to monitor the UK's progress on climate mitigation, the UK is at risk of missing its Fourth Carbon Budget and because central government support for solar and wind generation has also recently been cut (Energy Spectrum 2015). At the same time, however, local authorities have been emerging as one area of innovation with regard to sustainable energy, partly by creating new energy companies that operate according to non-traditional business models and partly by offering supply services focused on affordability. The project is innovative in that it combines conceptual insights from socio-technical transitions, political science and human geography to reveal the emerging role of local authorities in sustainable transitions whilst also exploring these changes within the context of political decentralisation. This project has been designed with input from Ofgem, the Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE) and two local government personnel. It aims to engage on a regular basis with practitioners and stakeholders at the local authority level with the intention of on-going knowledge exchange and co-production about this fast changing area. The project is also designed so that local authorities will have the opportunity to engage with one-another through a targeted, practitioners' workshop. Towards the end of the project findings about how local authorities and central government work together in practice, in particular with regard constraints and opportunities for improvement, will be shared with Ofgem, the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) and local authority networks such as the Local Government Association. The findings from this research project should be relevant not only to academics working on local government and local energy in the UK, but also to scholars interested in questions of scale and of civic participation in sustainable energy transitions. By undertaking and completing this project the PI will be given a valuable opportunity to develop and further improve her research skills, create new networks, produce groundbreaking research and to continue on her trajectory to becoming a world leader in the field of climate and energy governance.

Step 1: Documentary analysis of local authority policy documents (including devolution deals) and websites, and a third party (University-led) survey of local sustainable energy policy in the UK. Available documents were limited given how new this policy landscape is. Case studies were chosen on the basis of having sufficient sustainable energy experience, as well as having made some progress in terms of re-shaping their relationship with national government. This section of the research also identified key contacts at the local level as candidates for interviews. Step 2: The next phase was to embed myself into local authorities over 2-day placements to get a better idea of the range of activities in sustainable energy, how local authorities had capacity to act in these areas (i.e. on what basis), how this relates to opportunities (new business models, new technologies) that became available through energy decentralisation, and how local authorities have actively sought to re-shape their relationships with national government to facilitate greater local capacity. Step 3: Semi-structured qualitative interviews. 48 interviews were undertaken with those identified during Step 1 and Step 2. Most of these were face-to-face over a number of hours, but there were also follow-up telephone conversations to clarify issues, or if the policy landscape changed during that time period. These allowed me to create an in depth picture of how policymakers both respond to changing landscapes (social, political, technical), but also seek to change those landscapes in order to support sustainable energy action. Step 4: Knowledge exchange workshops. This last stage widened out who the project had exposure to, to include about 30 different local authorities. There were two workshops designed to support specific knowledge exchange between local authorities on the various innovations in policy, business models and technology that were becoming available and tried and tested. This also provided the project with opportunities to deepen understandings of how local authorities are affected by, and seek to affect, their contexts in order to pursue sustainable energy.